There are two social work doctoral degree options: Doctor of Social Work (DSW) or a Doctor of Philosophy in Social Work (PhD). The different options depend on your interests, experience, and career goals. This comprehensive guide covers both the social work DSW and social work PhD degrees and breaks down all that you need to know to determine which type of program might be the best fit for you.
In this guideHigher education opportunities in social work
Those who seek to improve the lives of others and inspire social change in their communities often pursue careers in social work. But while a master’s in social work is often considered a terminal degree (meaning one can independently practice with that degree) there are two additional degree options for those seeking additional career advancement and opportunities at the top of the profession: a doctor of social work (DSW) or a PhD in social work.
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Featured Online DSW Programs
| School Name | Program | More Info |
|---|---|---|
| University of Southern California (USC) | USC Offers a DSW Online | website |
| Simmons University | Social Justice–Focused DSW Online | website |
Both DSW and PhD in social work degrees are excellent credentials that provide further specialization and advanced knowledge in social work that can benefit your career and personal growth. These degrees are also often accompanied by wage increases to reflect your enhanced expertise and work experience.
The primary difference between the degrees is the desired career trajectory: a DSW is considered an advanced clinical practice degree and is best suited for those who want to work directly with clients or lead social service agencies. A PhD is an academic degree and is best suited for those interested in teaching and research at the undergraduate and graduate level.
Doctor of social work (DSW) degree overview
A DSW degree is ideal if you want additional expertise in order to continue working with clients, as the DSW is considered to be an advanced professional practice degree. Clients can be individuals as in those seeking individual therapy (micro level practice), community groups and organizations (mezzo level practice), or even government officials or others creating, influencing and implementing policies and laws (macro level practice). The DSW degree prepares graduates for management and other leadership roles and advanced clinical practice in a specific area of social work, such as medical social work, addictions, or juvenile justice.
Doctor of philosophy in social work (PhD) degree overview
If you are interested in designing and conducting research, a PhD is an excellent option to consider. You’ll concentrate your studies and research to become an expert in one particular area of interest. Similarly, if you are excited by the prospect of teaching and training the next generation of social workers, a PhD program prepares you to teach at the undergraduate and graduate levels.
While most PhD’s work in academia, this is not a requirement. Some may open consulting or research firms, others work in think tanks or international nongovernmental organizations (NGOs), while others become speakers or authors. The PhD provides a rigorous academic background to prepare graduates for researching, writing and teaching about their area of expertise. This may be promoting resilience in foster care youth, assessing and improving telehealth/virtual therapy interventions for adolescents with substance use disorder, or Posttraumatic Stress Disorder (PTSD) in female veterans.
Similarities and differences between social work DSW and social work PhD programs
Similarities
Admissions
Both PhD and DSW programs have similar admissions requirements. You must have a master’s degree, preferably in social work. Sometimes programs will accept applicants with other graduate degrees but may require additional social work foundation courses as a requirement prior to graduation.
You’ll need a GPA of at least 3.0 in order to be considered for admission to either type of program. Letters of recommendation are needed from previous employers and/or graduate school professors who can attest to your ability to handle the level of rigorous coursework a doctoral program requires. At least one written essay is required, describing your area of interest, your career goals and how the selected degree program will help you achieve those goals. Some schools require graduate record examination (GRE) scores as well. If you’re an international student, you’ll need to take and submit your scores for the TOEFL, or Test of English as a Foreign Language.
While both degree programs prefer that applicants have post-master’s work experience, this is not always a requirement. Some schools have joint MSW/PhD program tracks, wherein a student immediately enters the PhD program upon completion of the MSW courses. However, many DSW programs require that applicants have at least three or more years of social work experience before returning to school for the doctoral degree. Indeed, a number of students have a decade or more of experience in the field before pursuing their DSW.
Tuition
The tuition you can expect for a campus-based social work doctoral degree depends on several factors. For instance, the cost per credit will affect your overall tuition expenses more than any other factor and can vary both from school to school and whether or not you are attending from out of state. Out-of-state credits usually cost more than in-state credits.
Furthermore, you have to consider the time it’ll take you to complete your Ph.D. program. Certain costs, like general technology fees or student housing expenses will continue to accumulate the longer you take to finish the program. Programs that can be completed more quickly will necessarily be cheaper in the long run unless the savings are offset by extremely high costs per credit.
US News and World Report indicates that doctoral programs in social work usually range between $915 per credit hour to $1730 per credit hour. Thus, most students can expect to pay between $38,000 and $90,000 in total tuition for their doctoral degrees.
Time to completion
Both DSW and PhD programs have an average of two years of coursework to complete. The final research project for each program can take anywhere from one to four additional years, though this is dependent on a number of factors. On average, most DSW and PhD students complete their degrees within four years.
Differences
Courses offered
Both types of programs can offer similar foundational courses covering social work theory, research methods and policy. DSW programs then offer specialized courses depending on the track or concentration that the student has selected. For example, if you’re in an advanced clinical practice track you may study psychopathology, pharmacology, and trauma-informed therapeutic interventions. If you are focusing on leadership and administration, you may study program evaluation, financial management of nonprofit organizations and trauma-informed leadership practices.
In contrast, PhD students will have additional courses in statistical analysis, research study design, writing for publication and teaching methods. Within the courses, you can tailor papers and projects to the area of specialization that you have selected and around which your dissertation research will be based.
Licensing requirements
As previously mentioned, some DSW programs require applicants to have a certain number of years of experience in the field prior to entering the degree program. Some even insist that applicants are Licensed Clinical Social Workers (LCSWs) meaning they have completed the examination and practice hours required to be licensed by their state. PhD programs do not have this requirement.
Program structure
The structure of the program is another big difference in DSW and PhD programs. Most DSW programs are designed to be completed by working professionals, so classes are offered in the evenings, on weekends or online. This allows students to continue gaining valuable practice experience while also applying topics taught in classes to real world scenarios they are facing in their daily work. Conversely, the majority of PhD courses are offered during the workday and are taught in-person. While this may be slowly changing, few courses are offered online, and relatively few students work full time while completing a PhD program.
Financial assistance
PhD programs are more likely to have fellowships, research assistantships and teaching assistantships for their students. As social work faculty are awarded grant monies, they will often hire doctoral students as assistants to help reduce their workload while also providing valuable hands-on research experience for the student. PhD students can also offset some of their tuition costs if hired as a teaching assistant. This provides the opportunity to build critical teaching skills while being mentored by a more experienced professor. Some DSW programs do offer scholarships and other financial assistance packages, but this is much more common in PhD programs.
Capstone versus dissertation
Finally, the required final project often differs between PhD and DSW degree programs, though this is not always the case. A dissertation is required by PhD programs. The dissertation is the culmination of a unique research project designed by the student, implemented, the data analyzed, and a report written in a standardized format. This may be in the form of one large report or broken down into three articles that are ready to submit to academic journals for publication depending on the program requirements.
In contrast, DSW programs typically have students complete a capstone project as their final project. This too, is a research project or program evaluation, but on a smaller scale. The capstone project is much shorter, similar to a thesis. A capstone paper runs approximately 30 pages long and while it still has some of the same sections as a dissertation, including a literature review/ statement of the problem, a research component, data analysis and summary, it is not as detailed nor as in depth as a dissertation.
Career outlook for doctoral level social work graduates
Your potential earnings with a social work PhD can vary dramatically depending on your profession, especially as most social work professions don’t require a PhD.
Master’s level social workers earn an average salary of around $52,000 per year according to the Bureau of Labor Statistics. However, with a Ph.D. or DSW, you’ll be able to command a higher salary. According to the National Association of Social Workers (NASW), PhD and DSW degree holders earn $20,000 to $25,000 more per year than MSW level social workers, and may earn well over $100,000 per year. In fact, some tenured professors with a PhD can earn well over $175,000 a year.
In addition, the Bureau of Labor Statistics estimates there will be a 13 percent job growth rate over the next 10 years, meaning there should be plenty of jobs available for future graduates.
Selecting a program
How do you decide what degree program is best for you? Below are some items to consider:
- What are your career goals? Do you want to open up your own nonprofit organization or become a director of a large agency? Then a DSW is a better fit for you. If you want to conduct research and teach social work students, then consider a PhD program.
- What areas of concentration or specialization does the program offer? This may be of more importance when selecting a PhD program. Does the program have faculty studying a similar or closely related area of interest that you’d like to focus on? If so, this means more opportunities for mentorship and guidance. If you select a program and want to study a specific topic or population that no one on the faculty has experience with, it may be a frustrating or less rewarding experience for you, by not having a closely aligned mentor. This may also limit your networking opportunities with similarly inclined colleagues.
- Finally, practical considerations are also necessary. Is the program local or would it require you to move, and how does that impact the total costs involved with completing the program? How would a move impact your family? Do you have the time and energy available to devote to doctoral studies? Do you have a strong support system to assist you? Do you have the financial resources to pursue full time education if you are unable to continue working?
Summary of DSW versus social work PhD
PhD and DSW degrees provide specialized education and training for social workers wanting to reach the pinnacle of their fields. Programs are rigorous but create opportunities for incredible career growth and increased financial rewards that can far outweigh the tuition costs for these programs. If you want to work in social work leadership or higher education, consider pursuing a DSW or PhD degree, as it can be well worth it!
SOURCES
Anastas, J.W. (2015). Clinical social work, science and doctoral education: Schisms or synergy? Journal of Clinical Social Work, 43, 304-312.
Coyle, S. (2018). Evolving education: The DSW and Ph.D. degrees – goals and choices. Social Work Today, 18(2), 8.
Drisko, J., Hunnicutt, C., & Berenson, L. (2015). A national content analysis of PhD program objectives, structures and curricula: Do programs address the full range of social work’s needs? Journal of Teaching in Social Work, 35(1-2), 14-28.
Howard, T. (2016). PhD versus DSW: A critique of trends in social work doctoral education. Journal of Social Work Education, 52(s1), S148-S153.
Johnson-Motoyama, M., Petr, C.G., & Mitchell, F.M. (2014). Factors associated with success in doctoral social work education. Journal of Social Work Education, 50(3), 548-558.
National Association of Social Workers. Social Work Salaries. https://www.socialworkers.org/Careers/Career-Center/Kickstart-Your-Job-Hunt/Social-Work-Salaries
Petr, C.G., Harrington, D., Kim, K., Black, B., Cunningham-Williams, R.M., & Bentley, K.J. (2015). Quality indicators and expected outcomes for social work PhD programs: Perceptions of social work students, faculty and administrators. Journal of Social Work Education, 51(4), 648-667.
U.S. Bureau of Labor Statistics. Occupational Outlook: Social Workers. https://www.bls.gov/ooh/community-and-social-service/social-workers.htm
Expert Advice
- What are the most important factors for students deciding between a PhD and a DSW program?
- How can students best prepare for a PhD/doctorate program?
- Can students take electives, or customize their PhD/DSW experience?
- What does it take to be successful as a PhD/Doctorate student?
- What types of jobs are PhD/Doctorate graduates finding?
What are the most important factors for students deciding between a PhD and a DSW program?
The DSW is a practice degree. It prepares people to engage in advanced, autonomous practice that may entail clinical work, leadership, or teaching in higher education. An important aspect of that work for the DSW graduate is the development of evidence-based practices. For a practitioner who wants to learn how to evaluate programs, develop curricula, and/or engage in evidence-based practice and leadership, the DSW can be a perfect fit. In addition, being called “Dr.” can allow a social worker a seat in decision-making meetings. A DSW program may or may not include a dissertation requirement.
On the other hand, a PhD program will have a focus on research with a narrow area of expertise. While many graduates will go on to teach in social work programs at universities, the PhD may or may not include curriculum related to curriculum development or teaching.
At the Kutztown University of Pennsylvania DSW (a joint program with Millersville University of PA), we use a cohort model. Students spend two, part-time years in classes, engage in a praxis experience at an agency or in higher education, and then spend a year being supported in the process of writing a dissertation. Many students graduate in three years.
How can students best prepare for a PhD/doctorate program?
Students who wish to pursue a doctoral degree in social work should have an MSW and, at the very least, two years of practice experience.
Can students take electives, or customize their PhD/DSW experience?
Students can usually take electives in doctoral programs. These electives are likely to be related to the subject matter or research methods that are applicable to their dissertation.
What does it take to be successful as a PhD/Doctorate student?
Students have to persevere in their studies for an extended period of time. For adult learners, this means spending some time organizing and prioritizing aspects of “real life” prior to beginning their studies so that the inevitable neglect that will happen in work and personal relationships can be mediated. When I taught DSW classes, I had students write down what they did in an average week in terms of time spent and then asked them to somehow find 20 additional hours (for a part-time program). Many had serious conversations with partners and family members about how they will not be as available for the next three years.
Students also have to arrange their finances. People should consider programs in public institutions where tuition is often more reasonable, especially if they must continue working while in school.
What types of jobs are PhD/Doctorate graduates finding?
Doctoral graduates often teach in academia (especially in programs where teaching mastery is a priority), but they are also agency directors and advanced clinicians.
If you had to choose one or two books, articles, documentaries, podcasts, etc. to be included on a required reading list for social work students, what would it be?
All social workers should understand the generalist practice principles that undergird even the most advanced practice:
Gasker, J. (2019). Generalist social work practice. Sage.
What are the most important factors for students deciding between a PhD and a DSW program?
I always tell prospective students that if you’re hoping to hone your clinical practice and learn advanced clinical skills primarily, the DSW program is a better fit than a PhD program. The PhD trains students to conduct rigorous research on clinical social work practice, policy interventions, social injustice, food insecurities, and evidence-based practices, for example. You use your social work lens but you’re practicing as a researcher (and/or teacher) rather than a clinician after you complete your PhD.
How can students best prepare for a PhD/Doctorate program?
Get experience working as a social worker before committing to a PhD program. Having experience in the field will help ensure your research is relevant and meaningful to your community. It’s also important to understand what your doctoral program entails so do your homework. Look up different doctoral programs and talk with the program directors about coursework, opportunities to work with faculty on their research projects, and mentorship in your area of interest. You don’t have to know exactly what you want to study going into a PhD program, but it’s helpful to have a narrow idea that is of interest.
Can students take electives, or customize their PhD/DSW experience?
This really depends on the program but most PhD programs will suggest students take electives to build expertise in their area of interest. This is a great opportunity to work with faculty and students in other departments across campus.
What does it take to be successful as a PhD/Doctorate student?
Deep curiosity, commitment, and perseverance. Doctoral programs are hard work and can be a big shift for social workers who worked in the field and then decide to come back to school for a PhD. You’re building an entirely new skill set so be patient with yourself and remember that you’re a learner.
What types of jobs are PhD/Doctorate graduates finding?
PhD grads can work in University settings as researchers and teachers within schools of social work, public health, schools of medicine, and other related units. Graduates may also direct or develop their own agencies or non-for profits. Graduates may also work in state or federal agencies conducting research or think tanks.
If you had to choose one or two books, articles, documentaries, podcasts, etc. to be included on a required reading list for social work students, what would it be?
I study mental illness and the criminal-legal system so all of my recommendations fall in that area. 13th is a few years old now but a powerful documentary introducing people to the racial injustice present in our criminal-legal system. I am also a big fan of the podcast This American Life; I use lots of segments from it in my classes.
How can students best prepare for a PhD/Doctorate program?
First, it is important that the student obtain an MSW degree before starting a PhD program in social work even if one already has another master’s degree. Although some schools of social work offer a combined MSW/PhD program, such programs are highly compressed and involve merging two degrees with very different objectives. After earning the MSW, it is highly recommended that the student obtain, at a minimum, two or more years of post-MSW practice experience. Some social work schools will not consider hiring a PhD graduate without such experience and the experience is critical for informing the focus of the individual’s future research and enriching the quality of one’s teaching.
Can students take electives, or customize their PhD/DSW experience?
PhD programs typically have a set of required courses that every doctoral student must take. However, all programs – to my knowledge – allow plenty of room to take electives so that the student can customize their program according to their particular interests. Some programs have what is called “required electives” which means students must choose a class addressing a particular area, e.g. research methods, but can choose among a range of options to fulfill the requirement, thus ensuring the elective aspect.
What does it take to be successful as a PhD/doctorate student?
It is best to have a clear idea of the substantive focus for one’s research. Also, being organized, disciplined and having good time management skills are crucial. Be respectful toward peers, staff and faculty, have a positive attitude and avoid acting entitled which will help ensure good reciprocal working relationships.
What types of jobs are PhD/doctorate graduates finding?
It depends on the emphasis of the PhD program. If the university is a tier 1 research institution, the PhD program will typically emphasize research and scholarship as most important and such graduates usually take tenure-track faculty positions. If the emphasis of the program is teaching, then the graduate will likely take a faculty position at a university emphasizing teaching which may or may not be tenure-track. Other graduates end up directing social service agencies, working for the government or taking a position at a research firm such as Rand.
If you had to choose one or two books, articles, documentaries, podcasts, etc. to be included on a required reading list for social work students, what would it be?
Stoesz, D., Karger, H.J. & Carrilio, T. (2010). A Dream Deferred: How Social Work Education Lost its Way and What Can be Done. New Brunswick, NJ: Aldine. This book is not meant to discourage a student, rather it is to open their eyes to some of the realities and challenges faced by social work educators, researchers and practitioners.
Zanna, M. & Darley, J. (1986). The Compleat Academic: A Practical Guide for the Beginning Social Scientist. New York, N.Y.: McGraw Hill. There is a second edition but the first edition is the best.
What are the most important factors for students deciding between a PhD and a DSW program?
There are several significant differences between the two programs, different career paths, different courses/areas of study. Prospective students should consider what they want to do with their degree-do they want to deepen their clinical practice expertise? Or do they want a research career? While there is some overlap, it really boils down to how the student intends to use their degree that should be the most important factor in deciding between programs.
How can students best prepare for a PhD/doctorate program?
This is also dependent upon program type, although it is a good idea in general for students to make sure they strengthen their writing skills, are familiar with APA formatting, and have at least a basic understanding of research methods.
Can students take electives, or customize their PhD/DSW experience?
This varies by program, although most programs have a set course sequence. Internships/externships and dissertations/capstones allow students to customize their experience, however.
What does it take to be successful as a PhD/doctorate student?
Hard work and effort, and perseverance in pushing through when you are physically/mentally exhausted.
What types of jobs are PhD/doctorate graduates finding?
Certainly teaching positions are plentiful and a main source of employment for graduates. This includes both clinical and tenure track positions. Others use their degree to broaden their expertise as practitioners, or advance in leadership and management positions.
If you had to choose one or two books, articles, documentaries, podcasts, etc. to be included on a required reading list for social work students, what would it be?
While not the most popular reading choices, I would encourage all students to read the Publication Manual of the American Psychological Association and The A-Z of the PhD Trajectory.
What are the most important factors for students deciding between a PhD and a DSW program?
The most important factor is for the student to think about their post-graduation career goals and what they hope to learn. A DSW is an advanced clinical degree, while a PhD is research-focused.
How can students best prepare for a PhD/Doctorate program?
The best way to prepare is to make room in their life for the student role. A doctorate takes time and commitment, and one must negotiate their life to accommodate this. Also, read and write as much as you can. A high level of writing proficiency is required to be successful in a doctoral program.
Can students take electives, or customize their PhD/DSW experience?
This depends on the program but usually, yes. Also, your dissertation will be focused on your interests and chosen methodology.
What does it take to be successful as a PhD/Doctorate student?
Again, writing proficiency is essential. However, the most important thing to be a successful doctoral student is excellent time management skills and drive.
What types of jobs are PhD/Doctorate graduates finding?
Graduates are finding a wide array of jobs post-graduation. Some examples are in academia as professors, directors of clinical programs, Private and group practices, as well as more research-focused positions.
If you had to choose one or two books, articles, documentaries, podcasts, etc., to be included on a required reading list for social work students, what would it be?
Know the APA publication manual
What are the most important factors for students deciding between a PhD and a DSW program?
DSW programs typically focus more on social work practice. Whereas PhD programs in Social Work or Social Welfare typically focus more on research. As a result, students need to determine where their passion lies. Either one can give you access to higher level practice or administrative employment. However, a better research foundation will give you the edge in research heavy universities, and of course, research jobs. While a DSW degree will typically better improve your skills in practice jobs.
How can students best prepare for a PhD/Doctorate program?
One can begin by becoming familiar with the faculty who will be teaching you, particularly those who have similar research interests. Also, continue to pursue those social work-related areas where one has passion, or if you haven’t identified that area, begin to look. Doctoral programs require considerable time and discipline. As a result, it is helpful to discuss with one’s family, particularly one’s partner and children, some of the changes and adjustments to expect. Of course, reassure loved ones that they will remain important to you and that you are committed to staying involved in their lives. Also, share your excitement with them about pursuing your interests, and advancing your opportunities.
Can students take electives, or customize their PhD/DSW experience?
Most schools will offer doctoral students both required courses and electives. Over the past couple decades, there has been a growth of multidisciplinary opportunities in higher education. As a result, most programs have developed more flexibility in giving students access to coursework in different university departments and schools.
What does it take to be successful as a PhD/Doctorate student?
Of course, discipline is important. One must devote sufficient energy and time to school, particularly larger projects such as preparing one’s dissertation. In addition, it is helpful to connect with other students as an intellectual resource, friendship and a source of support. Of course, drawing from your family and social supports is essential as well. If an academic problem or major challenge should arise, such as not completing major assignments on time or meeting important commitment, quickly meet with those professors or administrators involved and develop a plan.
What types of jobs are PhD/Doctorate graduates finding?
Some pursue such degrees to land higher level jobs in social service agencies. Others get doctoral degrees to access academic jobs as professors. Some use the education to become a researcher. Still others get the education for their own love of learning.
If you had to choose one or two books, articles, documentaries, podcasts, etc. to be included on a required reading list for social work students, what would it be?
I’d choose:
Alexander, M. (2010). The new Jim Crow: Mass incarceration in an age of colorblindness. New York: New Press.
Flaherty, J. (2016). No more heroes: Grassroots challenges to the savior mentality. Chico, CA: AK Press.